Does Islamic law allow Muslims to live under the rule of non-Muslims? Does it matter who the non-Muslims are? Does it matter how Muslims are treated? How does minority status influence the practice of Islamic forms of worship, charity, familial relationships, and community organization? What relationship should exist between Muslim communities who lack political selfdetermination and the authorities in the Islamic heartlands? Can there be an authentic Islam where the Shariʿah cannot be enforced?

This anthology includes translations of some of the key Islamic voices on these issues from the fourteenth century to the present. It includes fatw{\={a}}s (legal opinions) written in response to territorial losses to Spanish Christians and Mongols in the medieval period, the African territories of European empires in the nineteenth century, and Israelis in the twentieth century. It ends with a fatw{\={a}} addressed to Muslims living in the United States at the end of the twentieth century.

{\textquotedblright} {\textellipsis} the book will open up a range of source material to students in a readily accessible form. The more source material available for examination the better, and this volume gives a good overview of the approaches Muslims have taken over the centuries to the issue of living under non-Muslim rule, and the chronological and geographical delineations of the texts allows for an appreciation of how these have altered across time, place, and circumstance. This book should be used as a primary-text sourcebook for undergraduate courses on Christian{\textendash}Muslim relations wherever the subject is taught.{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}Islam and Christian {\textendash}Muslim Relations (Magazine UK)

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Fatwas and Muftis

Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule

Notes on These Thesis

1. The End of Muslim Spain

Al-Wansharisi on the Leader of the Muslims of Christian Marbella

Al-Ramli on the Muslims of Christian Spain

2. Rulers Who Falsely Claim to Be Muslims

Ibn Taymiyya on the Town of M{\={a}}rdin under the Mongols

ʿUthm{\={a}}n Ibn Fudi and Hausaland .

Interpretations of Ibn Fudi in the Age of British Imperialism in Hausaland

3. India

Fatw{\={a}}s in Favor of British Rule

Karamat ʿAli: British India Is the Abode of Islam

Sayyid Ahmad Khan: On the Ambiguous Status of India

The 1920 Hijrat to Afghanistan

The End of Calls for Migration from India

4. The French in North Africa

Ibn al-Sh{\={a}}hid on the Muslims of French Algeria

Fatwas Compiles by French Colonial Officials in Algeria

Muhamad b. Ahmad Illaysh on the Muslims in French Africa

Fatw{\={a}}s for the French

Fatw{\={a}}s for the French in Mauritania

5. The Birth of Minority Jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyy{\={a}}t) .

Rashid Riḍ{\={a}}: On French Citizenship

Rashid Riḍ{\={a}}: Must Muslims Leave Austro-Hungarian Bosnia? .

6. Minority Jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyy{\={a}}t) in the Twentieth Century

Al-ʿAlw{\={a}}ni: On Participation in the American Political Process .

Against Minority Jurisprudence{\textendash}The Views of Saʿid Ramaḍ{\={a}}n al-Buṭi

Appendix: Israel/Palestine

Al-Alb{\={a}}ni: On Remaining in Territories Occupied by Israel.

Al- Buṭi: A Refutation of N{\={a}}ṣir al-Din al-Alb{\={a}}ni on Palestine

Suggestions for Further Reading in English on Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule

TABLE OF CONTENTS