Katharina Anna Ivanyi, Ph.D. 2012
In\ Virtue, Piety and the Law\ Katharina Ivanyi examines Birgivi Meḥmed Efendi{\textquoteright}s (d. 981/1573)\ al-Ṭariqa al-muḥammadiyya, a major work of pietist exhortation and advice, composed by the sixteenth-century Ottoman jurist,\ Ḥadith\ scholar and grammarian, who would articulate a style of religiosity that had considerable reformist appeal into modern times.\
Linking the cultivation of individual virtue to questions of wider political, social and economic concern, Birgivi played a significant role in the negotiation and articulation of early modern Ottoman Ḥanafi piety. Birgivi{\textquoteright}s deep mistrust of the passions of the human soul led him to prescribe a regime of self-surveillance and control that was only matched in rigor by his likewise exacting interpretation of the law in matters of\ everyday life, as much as in state practices, such as the cash waqf, Ottoman land tenure and taxation.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments\
Abbreviations and Frequently Cited Sources\
Note on Transliteration and Transcription\
Introduction\
1\ Birgivi in Context\
1 Context I: Birgivi{\textquoteright}s Life\
2 Context II: Birgivi{\textquoteright}s oeuvre\
3 Context III: the Bigger Picture{\textemdash}Early Modern Sunnitization, the Negotiation of Orthodoxy and the Pietist Turn\
2\ The Intellectual Framework\
1 The Ḥanafi Tradition{\textemdash}Law and Ethics\
2 Post-Classical fat{\={a}}w{\={a}} Handbooks\
3 Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi\
4 Other Ḥanafi Literature\
5 The Corruption of Times\
6 Legal Sources beyond the Ḥanafi School\
7 Birgivi and the Ḥanbalis\
8 Birgivi and Ḥadith\
9 Sufism\
10 Science of the Hearts\
11 Ghaz{\={a}}li\
12 Emulation of the Prophet\
13 Birgivi in Contemporary Comparison: Sh{\={a}}hz{\={a}}de Ḳorḳud\
14 Birgivi and the Ottoman naṣiḥat-n{\={a}}me: Muṣṭaf{\={a}} ʿAli\
15 Birgivi and Ottoman Jurisprudence: Ebuʾs-Suʿud\
3\ The Fundamentals of Piety: an Overview of the Structure and Contents of al-Ṭariqa al-muḥammadiyya\
1 Introduction\
2 A Note on the Textual History of al-Ṭariqa al-muḥammadiyya\
3 General Structure of TM and Overview of Contents\
4 Detailed Summary of Contents{\textemdash}Introduction\
5 Innovation\
6 Bidʿa and Sufism\
7 Moderation\
8 Part Two{\textemdash}Chapter One{\textemdash}Doctrine\
9 The Legal Status of the various sciences\
10 Part Two, Chapter Three: Piety\
11 The Practical Manifestations of Piety{\textemdash}the Core of TM\
12 The Vices of the Heart\
13 Birgivi{\textquoteright}s Conception of the Soul\
14 The Vices of the Tongue\
15 The Vices of the Ear\
16 The Vices of the Eye\
17 The Vices of the Hand\
18 The Vices of the Belly\
19 The Vices of the Private Parts\
20 The Vices of the Leg\
21 Vices Unspecified by Any One Part of the Body\
22 Part Three of TM{\textemdash}Ritual Purity\
23 Part Three{\textemdash}Chapter Two{\textemdash}Finance, Land Tenure and Taxation\
24 What Holds It All Together\
4\ The Slippery Slope of Piety: Birgivi on Sincerity, Sanctimony and How to Determine Right Intention\
1 Introduction\
2 Vocabulary and Semantics, Definitions and Classifications\
3 Riy{\={a}}ʾ as Lesser Shirk\
4 Other Types of Dissimulation\
5 Sincerity (ikhl{\={a}}ṣ and iḥs{\={a}}n)\
6 Truthfulness (ṣidq)\
7 Various Taxonomies of riy{\={a}}ʾ\
8 Legal Categorization\
9 The Why(s) and How(s) of riy{\={a}}ʾ\
10 The {\textquotedblleft}People of Religion{\textquotedblright}\
11 When Things Are Not That Clear-Cut\
12 Embarrassment\
13 How to Cure the Evil of riy{\={a}}ʾ\
14 Display in Order to Guide, but How Can You Be Sure\
15 Conclusion\
5\ The Economics of Piety: Birgivi on Wastefulness, the Cash waqf and Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation\
1 Introduction\
2 Basic Concepts{\textemdash}the Good and Bad Qualities of Wealth\
3 Stinginess, Generosity and Waste\
4 The Causes, Manifestations and Antidotes of Wastefulness\
5 Charity, Poverty and Begging\
6 Payment for Religious Services\
7 The Cash waqf\
8 Land Tenure and Taxation\
9 Conclusion\
\
Conclusion\
Bibliography\
Reference Works, Library Catalogues, Bibliographies\
Primary Sources\
Secondary Sources\
Index\